{"id":43454,"date":"2025-11-17T12:52:46","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T11:52:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arbejdermuseet.dk\/?page_id=43454"},"modified":"2026-01-29T08:20:53","modified_gmt":"2026-01-29T07:20:53","slug":"1-corn-history-1889-1999","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/arbejdermuseet.dk\/en\/library-archive\/1-may-the-battle-for-time\/1-corn-history-1889-1999\/","title":{"rendered":"1. corn history 1889-1999"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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By Henning Grelle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decision to make May 1st International Workers’ Day was made in Paris in the summer of 1889.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The year 1889 was the centenary of the great French Revolution. It was celebrated by holding two workers’ congresses. The Danish labor movement had representatives at both congresses. One congress, the Marxist Congress, had a broad participation of labor politicians and trade unionists, especially from the left wing in Europe. The Social Democrat A.C. Meyer participated in this one. Meyer. The second congress consisted primarily of trade unionists, so-called possibilists. The chairman of the trade unions in Copenhagen, Jens Jensen, attended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both congresses discussed necessary reforms for the benefit of the working population: – the introduction of an 8-hour working day – shorter working hours for children and women – restrictions on child labor and night work. The Marxist Congress adopted a resolution put forward by a French trade union leader: “The Congress resolves that a great demonstration be organized by the workers of all countries to call on the representatives of the ruling power to reduce the legal working day to a maximum of 8 hours on a given day in all countries and cities.” It was up to each country’s labor movement to find the form and content of the first May Day event to be held in 1890. The Congress also decided on the formation of the II. Internationale, which exists today as the world organization of social democratic parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. the May Day idea<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The European idea of making May Day an international day of struggle for an 8-hour workday was not born out of thin air. English workers who arrived in Australia in 1840 demanded an 8-hour workday and where it was implemented, the victory was celebrated with a party on May Day. In the US, a number of North American organizations agreed in 1886 to make May Day a day of demonstration for the 8-hour workday. Large mass meetings were held with demonstrations in the streets. In Chicago, the May Day demonstration turned into violent clashes between police and workers. One policeman was killed and four workers were sentenced to death for their involvement.
In a number of countries, including Denmark, May Day was marked by traditions.
Walpurgis Day – May 1st – was an ancient holiday celebrating the coming of spring. In Denmark, May Day was also a day of change for the large number of servants who had to find a new job with an employer until November. May Day was therefore a day off, and those who did not change jobs took part in the festivities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first May Day<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Preparations for the first Danish May Day event began in September 1889. The driving forces were primarily the chairman of the Copenhagen trade unions, Jens Jensen, and the chairman of the Social Democratic Party, P. Knudsen. But a small group of Danish revolutionaries, who in February 1890 formed the Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party, also got involved in the debate. The stage was set for two separate May Day rallies in Copenhagen.
During the spring of 1890, Jens Jensen succeeded in gaining support for “making May Day 1890 an ordinary day off and using it for a demonstration for an 8-hour working day”. This decision was officially endorsed by trade unions in several Danish cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the general enthusiasm was quickly broken by problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neither private nor public employers wanted to give workers a day off. On the contrary, they threatened to dismiss anyone who took the day off or left the workplace early.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the Commons<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The police authorities also set natural limits to the celebration of May Day. In April, the police issued an order whereby “it is forbidden to parade through the streets, to carry unfurled banners, flags, etc. through the streets, to sing or in the streets to exhibit other behavior contrary to the provisions of the Police Code”.
In Copenhagen, the labor movement had insisted that the meeting be held on N\u00f8rre F\u00e6lled (the northern part). The police authorities granted permission, but at the same time determined the form:
– The meeting could be held on Thursday, May 1 from 15:00 to 18:00.
– Only the question of an appeal to the government and parliament to introduce a normal working day (8 hours) could be discussed.
– No bars or shops were to be set up.
– The site was to be cleaned up after the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the afternoon, between 30,000 and 40,000 workers arrived at F\u00e6lleden. The red flags were set up on the outskirts of the Commons and many had bought the small celebratory sign and were provided with the songbook with the 8-hour song written by A.C. Meyer. Meyer’s 8-hour song.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The police had placed an iron ring around the festival site and had been reinforced by an armed gendarmerie corps, and Copenhagen’s most important buildings, including Amalienborg Palace, were under guard. The fear of an uprising, as had happened 18 years earlier at F\u00e6lleden, was alive and well, fanned by the bourgeois press. However, there was no need for sabre rattling or sharp shots. Jens Jensen spoke about the importance of the 8-hour day and P. Knudsen about socialism. Then the workers sang the new 8-hour song and everything ended peacefully with Overby’s “March of the Socialists”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After a couple of hours break, the May Day meeting continued from 19:00 in R\u00f8mersgade and Vodrofflund. The revolutionary party went in procession from Kgs. Nytorv to a garden on Jagtvejen. At one point there were problems with the police and the party was fined 40 Rigsdaler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stauning for May 1st<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The young Thorvald Stauning – later party chairman and prime minister – also showed up at F\u00e6lleden. He was not particularly impressed with the event. Although many workers, including at the B & W shipyard, had defied their employers and taken the day off, Stauning was disappointed with the turnout. But May Day made a lasting impression on him. A few days later, he showed up at the Social Democratic Party office in R\u00f8mersgade and signed up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"F20090123002\"
Thorvald Stauning, ca. 1910<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day in the provinces<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The largest May Day rallies took place in Aalborg, Kolding and Aarhus. But smaller cities such as Helsing\u00f8r, Slagelse, Odense, Svendborg and Roskilde also held meetings in the open air, supplemented by evening meetings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meetings in the provinces were subject to the same ban as in Copenhagen. In Slagelse, a ban on a procession in the streets was defied, which led to the demonstration having to play games with the gendarmes. However, it didn’t come to blows until late at night, as the gendarmes had rented the same hotel where the workers held their May Day rally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day abroad<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The first May Day was marked with mass demonstrations in Europe and the US. In France, 138 cities saw work stoppages and clashes with police. In London, there were huge demonstrations and in Northern Italy there were demonstrations despite a ban. In Germany, a ban on May Day was accepted. Here, the rally was held on Sunday. There were also demonstrations in Stockholm and Oslo. In Chicago and New York, there were large demonstrations and results immediately afterwards. In New York, construction workers got an 8-hour day shortly afterwards. It was a result that European workers would fight for for many years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may 1899<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1. may 1899 was the tenth anniversary of the decision to make May Day a day of celebration and demonstration. Therefore, an extra effort had to be made – and it was much needed. The May Day meetings after 1890 followed the same pattern, but in 1893 and 1894 only evening meetings were held. In several cities, May Day events were stopped altogether. The police insisted on banning processions with banners in the streets and failed to make May Day a public holiday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.however, May Day 1899 brought innovations and, above all, an attendance of around 50,000 at F\u00e6lleden in Copenhagen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"M20080305007\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

For the first time, the meeting had female speakers, namely the president of the Women’s Labor Union, Olivia Nielsen, and the president of the female men’s tailors, Andrea Nielsen.
The red flags were still brought out to F\u00e6lleden, where a special tradition had developed. The workers lined up by trade at the edge of the Commons and then walked as a group to the lectern, which was surrounded by red flags. This formation was allowed to continue as the police reduced their show of force. Mounted forces were pulled away from the Common and the festival square, making it possible to walk in procession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day 1899 was a Monday, but many workers took the day off but were docked pay. The large turnout was due in no small part to a looming major conflict in the labor market. Employers locked out all journeyman carpenters in Jutland on April 29. When May 1 was over, journeymen carpenters across the country were locked out of their workplace. What developed into a large-scale lockout and 100 days of struggle was in its infancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day 1900<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day was marked differently in 1900. For the first time, the police allowed processions in the streets with red flags and bands. Only in a few cities did the police maintain a ban. In Slagelse, banners were still banned and workers were allowed to march in procession with rolled up banners. At the outskirts of the city, the banners were unfurled and music began to play. In Aalborg, red flags were allowed, but the chief of police demanded a Dannebrog at the head and it was forbidden to play the “Socialist March” through the city. In Roskilde, the Social Democratic Association was banned from having a flag. Here they had to make do with trade union banners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From F\u00e6lleden to Rosenborg Garden<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Banners with the motto 8-hour work – 8-hour leisure – 8-hour rest were an invariable feature of the May Day demonstrations. However, the events were subject to many changes.
The Commons had gradually become more densely built up with Blegdamshospitalet (Panum) and Almindeligt Hospital (De gamles By) and Rigshospitalet. In April 1905, the City Council decided to transform Blegdams and \u00d8ster F\u00e6lled into a park. The initiator was Jens Jensen, now Finance Mayor of Copenhagen, and former initiator of the first May Day rally in 1890.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"M20080305051_01\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

For a transitional period, Copenhagen workers were allowed to use S\u00f8ndermarken as a party site (1902-05). From 1905 to 1913, Rosenborg Garden was used.
In 1905, a star demonstration was used for the first time. Each association met at their location and then went in procession to a common location, from where the May Day demonstration moved to the festival site. At the front were banners, music and choirs with the most prominent leaders of the labor movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day now took on more and more the character of a folk festival. Various festival sites were gradually invaded by traders selling bread, cakes and milk to hungry demonstrators. The brewery “Stjernen” also had a good sales day on May 1st.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The authorities and the rest of society also learned to accept and greet the May Day rallies. There were more and more spectators along the demonstration route and the police stayed nicely in the background. Nevertheless, the number of participants fell and there were few innovations. In 1911, the first foreign speaker spoke at a Danish May Day rally. It was the Norwegian trade unionist Ole O. Lian, who spoke in Rosenborg Garden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the stone in 1913<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1913, the new F\u00e6lled was completed and May Day was again celebrated on the Commons. One of the innovations was a lectern carved out of a huge granite block. LO’s chairman, C.F. Madsen, was the first speaker to inaugurate the lectern. In the following years, the newly opened F\u00e6lled with a new sports center, plantings and playgrounds provided great support for the May Day demonstrations, but soon May Day was dominated by World War I. The Copenhagen trade union movement did not march in procession from 1916, leaving it to the youth movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Break the Sabre – Break the Crown – Overthrow the Church<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The youth movement put cracks in the neatness and regularity that gradually came to characterize May Day. “Down with the Kingdom” was written on a banner in 1914, which was confiscated by the police. In 1915, young people showed up with 7 new slogans, including “Break the Sabre, Break the Crown, Overthrow the Church”. The police broke into the demonstration and confiscated 2 banners. In 1917, clashes broke out again. A new edition of “Break the Sabre” was seized. The case ended up in court and reached the Supreme Court in 1918, after which the Young Socialists were acquitted. It was celebrated with a new banner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The opposition in 1918<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Since 1910, the Danish syndicalists had formed the opposition in the Danish labor movement, the so-called trade union opposition. The Association of the Trade Union Opposition was founded in 1910 and in the years leading up to May Day meetings were held, but either as afternoon meetings or evening events. In 1918, there was a procession in the streets. This was primarily because the movement had gained strong support, partly as a result of growing discontent in the working class due to the deteriorating conditions of the World War, and partly due to enthusiasm for the Russian October Revolution in 1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1918, the demonstration moved from Bl\u00e5g\u00e5rds Plads in N\u00f8rrebro to Br\u00f8nsh\u00f8j Kro where 6,000 gathered in the garden. The Syndicalists’ May Day rally culminated in 1919 when 25,000 gathered at Sct. Hans Torv and then moved to Br\u00f8nsh\u00f8j. The syndicalist trade union opposition also held May Day in Aalborg, Aarhus and Odense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

the 8-hour day is implemented<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day 1919 was marked by the joy of the end of World War I (November 1918). In addition, the almost 30-year-old slogan of 8-hour work – 8-hour freedom and 8-hour rest was about to be realized. In January 1919, the social partners had agreed to reduce working hours to 8 \u00bd hours per week. This caused deep dissatisfaction in the syndicalist trade union opposition, which had its greatest support in the building trades. They single-handedly introduced an 8-hour day on February 1. The result was a series of conflicts that threatened to spiral out of control. After growing pressure on LO, a new settlement was reached with employers on May 6, giving all Danish workers (with the exception of agriculture and shipping) an 8-hour day or a 48-hour work week. The agreement was to come into force on January 1, 1920. The victory could only be celebrated on May 1, 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may 1920 was both a high point and an anti-climax. King Christian X’s coup d’\u00e9tat and the so-called “Easter crisis” left their mark on the meeting and overshadowed the victory for working hours. But still, the situation was positive. The Danish labor movement had achieved an epochal result and had repelled a serious attack on parliamentary democracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may under the Social Democratic government<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the 1920s, May Day stamps were still issued with the 8-hour demand, even though it had been adopted by collective agreement. The reason for this was that, as a result of the economic crisis after World War I, employers tried to limit wages and extend working hours. This strengthened the forces in the labor movement that demanded the 8-hour day be guaranteed by law.
However, the attacks on working hours were thwarted and the labor movement had to find new themes in speeches and slogans on May Day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There were also doubts about whether the labor movement should continue the May Day tradition after 1920. However, these doubts were dispelled as there was still much to fight for, while the labor movement was now permanently divided into the large social democratic movement and a small group of Moscow-believers who, together with the remnants of the syndicalist movement, called themselves the Danish Communist Party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1921 and 1922, the social democratic labor movement only organized meetings in F\u00e6lledparken. Demonstration processions through the streets were refrained from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1924, 50,000 people gathered in F\u00e6lledparken to celebrate the first Social Democratic government that had just taken office. The May meeting became a big victory party and expectations were so high that Prime Minister Stauning had to calm the crowd and remind them that the government did not have a majority in Parliament that could block good Social Democratic reforms. It was not without reason that the May Day demand was an 8-hour working day established by law now that the government was Social Democratic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"M20080305071\"
Stauning at the head of the May Day parade 1925<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day 1925 was the biggest May Day celebration of the 1920s. It was the first and only May Day in this decade when the Copenhagen labor movement took to the streets in procession from Copenhagen’s Gr\u00f8nttorv to F\u00e6lledparken. Between 100,000 and 150,000 people gathered here. The large number was due to the fact that the Danish Confederation of Labor was in the middle of a major conflict that threatened both the unity of the trade union movement and the Social Democratic government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Communist Party of Denmark also organized May Day rallies. In 1921, the meeting was held in Kongens Have and in 1922 they marched from Sct. Hans Torv to S\u00f8ndermarken. In 1925, an attempt was made to join forces with the Social Democrats, but a request for a communist speaker was rejected. Instead, the Social Democrats and Communists clashed in F\u00e6lledparken. The communists were thrown out and several of their banners were confiscated. In Aarhus, the communists were driven out of the harbor square where the Social Democratic May Day rally was held. The police made sure that the Social Democratic speakers could speak undisturbed. The conflict between Social Democrats and Communists gradually became a tradition on May Day. In the future, it became common to have two May Day events – one Social Democratic and one Communist. Only a few places in the country retained unity demonstrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 1920s, there was a significant innovation in connection with May Day. In 1926, May Day was celebrated on the radio for the first time. Prime Minister Stauning gave a lecture on the history and significance of May Day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Against unemployment, fascism and communism<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1931, something significant happened. The working hours requirement was removed in favour of a plain red badge with the year 1931. However, the working hours issue was far from settled. Demands were now being made for a 40-hour working week and paid vacation. However, these demands were soon overshadowed by the fight against unemployment, which was on the rise as a result of the world economic crisis from 1929.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1931, another innovation occurred. In the D.s.U. Br\u00f8nsh\u00f8j branch, they met early in the morning on May 1st to raise the red flag. It quickly became a tradition that spread to other branches and social democratic associations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Nakskov, riots broke out on 1 May 1931. The local unemployment organization, dominated by the communists, had previously invaded a city council meeting where they pushed through a grant for the unemployed. However, the ringleaders were prosecuted and the grant was withdrawn. The ensuing unrest prompted the chief of police to ban the communists’ May Day rally in the city. When 500 protesters tried to hold the rally in the town square anyway, they were met by police batons. In the evening, the communists tried to speak at the Social Democrats’ May Day event without success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On May 2, another demonstration was organized against the police station in the city, but the police managed to force the demonstrators back. With reinforcements from Nyk\u00f8bing and Maribo, the square was cleared of demonstrators. The events in Nakskov may have been the result of a specific situation, but they were also a clear signal of growing contradictions between communists and the established society. The communists also included the Social Democratic labor movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"20010000000217_01\"
Riots in Nakskov leading up to May 1, 1931<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1933<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1933, the social democratic labor movement planned a huge rally on May Day. This was to be preceded by a procession. 40,000 people lined up in Gothersgade and the route went through R\u00f8mersgade, past the Social Democrat building in Farimagsgade and over Dr. Louise Bridge to F\u00e6lledparken. Over 100,000 people were present in F\u00e6lledparken where star beer, sweets and cigars were sold. For the first time, Copenhagen schoolchildren were free to participate in the festivities. However, the background to the Social Democrats’ efforts was far from festive: “Against Dictatorship – For People’s Rule” and “The country’s unemployed demand work” were just some of the inscriptions on the march’s banners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the opinion of the Social Democrats, the Communists were sticking their noses too far forward. In 1932, the party had elected 2 members and had a firm grip on the unemployment movement, which was growing rapidly. There were also threatening clouds from the south. In January 1933, Hitler had come to power in Germany and the workers’ parties had been banned and persecuted. The seizure of power happened on the same day Stauning signed the historic agreement with the Liberal Party, the so-called Kanslergadeforlig. “It may be time for all the many fascist reactionary or ‘revolutionary’ factions with dictatorship as their goal to see the strength behind the United Federation of Labour’s fight for democracy.”
This was the chairman’s beginning of the large-scale May Day campaign. Communists and fascists were the main enemy. The spectre of dictatorships in Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union. This main line became the cornerstone of the Social Democratic May Day rallies of the 1930s, which achieved unprecedented support, helped by a very active youth organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spain – Hang in there<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1. may 1937 had the Spanish Civil War as its dominant theme. The Social Democratic Movement’s resolution called for demonstrations against the war, against fascism and Nazism as it had manifested itself in Germany, Austria and now in its revolt against a legally elected Spanish government. The Communists joined the slogan and participated in a unity demonstration with the Social Democrats both in Copenhagen and in the provinces. This resulted in record turnouts in many places, but it did not mean civil peace between Social Democrats and Communists. The Social Democrats were skeptical of the new Communist Popular Front strategy. Communism was like Nazism and fascism for dictatorship, so unity and the Popular Front only served to undermine the Social Democrats. At the May Day rallies in 1938, the truce was over. The communists accused the Social Democrats of not fighting fascism actively enough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"F20131124007\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

50th anniversary<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

the 50th anniversary of May Day was to be marked with bravura. Both Social Democrats and Communists were to march through the city separately and meet again in F\u00e6lledparken. In 1939, the crowd of 100,000 had to move in mud and kneading, rain and cold. A small group of 11 Nazis at Bl\u00e5g\u00e5rds Plads had more solid ground under their feet. They were driven away with eggs and potatoes and ended up clashing on Dr. Louise’s bridge. The Nazis had first held May Day in 1938 with the same result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day during the occupation<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

On April 9, 1940, Denmark was occupied by Hitler Germany. All May Day rallies and demonstrations were therefore canceled. Although it was possible to hold indoor rallies, almost all events were canceled. Only the radio marked May Day, but failed to play “Internationale”. LO’s president gave the May Day speech with a call to accept the cooperation policy and “move closer together”. In 1941 and 1942, May Day rallies were resumed, but as indoor events. In Copenhagen, they used Idr\u00e6tshuset, Tivoli Concert Hall and community centers. In 1942 and 1943, especially K.B. Hallen and the Forum. In 1944 and 1945, May Day meetings were not held in the traditional style. Instead, the many associations held meetings disguised as spring parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Communists did not hold May Day in 1940, but held a public meeting in K.B. Hallen on May 1, 1941. The non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union of 1939 made it difficult for Danish communists to distance themselves from the German occupying forces. The war was a showdown between capitalist powers and England therefore had the same responsibility for the war as Germany. This slogan was set out by the World Communist Organization, the Comintern, and it prevented Danish communists from taking anti-Nazi positions. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941, the communists were forced into illegality and internment. May Day rallies during the rest of the occupation years were therefore marked with slogans painted on house walls “Live May Day – Down with Nazism”. The Danish Nazis held May Day rallies in 1943 and 1944. These were evening meetings through the organization “The Danish Working Community”. However, the meetings did not attract more than 2500 participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day in freedom<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

On May 1, 1945, the Danes had not yet achieved freedom from the German occupation. But the end of the war was near and May Day was celebrated as indoor “spring parties” in light of the imminent surrender. It was therefore the year 1946 that marked the resumption of the big traditional May Day events. In 1946 and 1947, the communist movement marched in unity demonstrations with social democratic workers. From 1 May 1948 until 1968, there were two organizers of May Day: the Communist Party of Denmark and the Social Democratic-dominated joint organizations. Until 1950, the Social Democratic May Day slogans were characterized by the newly won freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1946: Socialism and Freedom \/ Freedom and Socialism
1947: For Freedom against Dictatorship
1948: For Freedom and Socialism and against the coercive rule of popular democracy
1949: Freedom – peace – security
1950: Against violence and dictatorship, for social security, democracy and freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Behind the slogans was the continuing and increasing conflict between communists and social democrats, which was further intensified by the removal of democratic rule in Czechoslovakia in 1948 and Denmark’s entry into the Western defense alliance (NATO) in 1949.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Festive May Day<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1952, the traditional cardboard May Day emblem disappeared in favor of a plastic and metal emblem. New emblems came to characterize the 1950s. But there were other innovations too. May Day parades became increasingly festive, with features and inspiration from the celebration of subjects. There was no end to the ingenuity when it came to marking the “profession” itself in the demonstration. Not only did they rally behind the union banner, but also behind ornate and elaborate work symbols that clearly signaled the union affiliation. However, it was difficult to renew the slogans. In 1952, the Social Democratic slogan was: “For freedom – peace – security”. The same slogan was repeated in 1956, and in general, the word “freedom” recurred every year in the 1950s. At the edge of 1960, they stepped out of the shadow of the Cold War and used the word “Progress”. Attendance at the May Day rallies ebbed in the late 1950s. It wasn’t the celebration of May Day itself that was at risk, but the issue of demonstrating through the streets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"F20111010004\"
1. may Day demonstration in 1952<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Economic prosperity – May Day decline<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1960, the Copenhagen trade union movement decided to hold May Day in F\u00e6lledparken without a demonstration. This prompted the labor poet Oskar Hansen to write “Are we sad about it?” – “I sense that some people are not just sad about it, but mad about it”. But it didn’t help much. The economic prosperity of society in the 1960s did not translate into prosperity for May Day, even though more people were given the opportunity to participate. In 1963, civil servants and state employees were given time off on May Day upon request. In a large number of municipalities, employees were also given the opportunity to take the day off. Even though May 1 was not an official day off, more and more workers were given the day off. Many still had to pay for their own time off, but more and more local collective agreements made May Day a day off. There were also more organizers on May Day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new party, SF, founded in 1959, held both indoor and outdoor events in the 60s, but it was still the Social Democrats and Communists who were the official organizers of the May Day events. On 1 May 1968, the new party “Left Socialists” began to mix with the traditional May Day rallies in F\u00e6lledparken and from 1969 the party became the organizer. For the Social Democratic Party and the trade union movement, 1969 was a black year. No May Day event was held in F\u00e6lledparken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

the 1970s<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Many organizers – many topics The 1970s were marked by political turbulence with the formation of new parties, organizations and factions. In 1972, Denmark became a member of the European Community (EU), but already the following year, the international oil and financial crisis came to characterize the 70s. The labor market was characterized by many strikes and high unemployment. On the other hand, the trade union movement strengthened in terms of membership. From 1973, the Danish Parliament had ten different parties and from 1975 there were four labor parties: the Social Democrats, SF, DKP and the Left Socialists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Social Democrats changed the scene in 1970 and moved the May Day event to the City Hall Square in Copenhagen. It was not a great success, but they continued to use the City Hall Square until May Day 1974, when they had around 6,000 spectators. From May 1, 1975, the Social Democratic Party returned to F\u00e6lledparken and that same year made a concerted effort to regain lost ground. Nationwide, the Social Democratic movement held over a hundred official May Day rallies. This was almost four times as many as in previous years. In 1975, the Social Democratic Party in the Capital started its May Day rallies in R\u00f8mersgade 22. SF was the May Day organizer in S\u00f8ndermarken in 1971 and 1974. In 1973, May Day was held together with the Social Democrats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Later they joined forces with the left wing. The Danish Communist Party was the largest May Day organizer until the late 1970s. DKP organized star demonstrations in F\u00e6lledparken where 30,000 – 40,000 participants could be mobilized. DKP sat in the Danish Parliament from 1973-79, which was not insignificant for support. However, the left wing’s May Day events became increasingly popular throughout the 70s. The Left Socialists and the many other factions on the left attracted a large number of solidarity committees, friendship associations, etc. and F\u00e6lledparken was characterized by a large number of ethnic minorities. With three organizers in F\u00e6lledparken, each with their own event, May Day became a gigantic day of celebration where you could hear speakers in one place, listen to music in another or get entertainment in a third place. It was not only about who was the organizer, but also where the good offers were present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unity demonstration 1987<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 1980, Copenhagen typographers took the initiative for a joint union unity demonstration. DKP joined together with SF. The initiative was a success with 80,000 people in F\u00e6lledparken, paving the way for renewed unity on the left. However, there was still disagreement about the slogans. SF dropped out in 1982, but rejoined in 1983. The Left Socialists also joined. This resulted in 120,000 spectators in F\u00e6lledparken. The Social Democrats also increased their support with 200 meetings across the country in 1980. In 1987, the Social Democratic Joint Organization decided to join forces with the joint union demonstration. For the first time in decades, this year there was only one May Day organizer with speakers from all labor parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1987, Denmark had had a right-wing government for five years and the Social Democratic Party was facing a change of leadership. The slogan in 1987 was “Out with Schl\u00fcter – for workers’ politics”. There was a lot of discussion in the Social Democratic labour movement about the “new unity”, but recognizing that many trade unions wanted unity on May Day, they backed it. In 1988, Svend Auken, the new chairman of the Social Democratic Party, spoke in F\u00e6lledparken together with speakers from the other labor parties. You could still be yourself in your party or trade union at the many morning meetings held across the country. Then you could join a joint demonstration with other parties and organizations. In F\u00e6lledparken and other festival sites, you could choose to participate in the joint event or you could gather in the large tents that the individual organizations set up and offered entertainment. In 1981, the Progress Party held a May Day rally in F\u00e6lledparken. In 1983, it was too much for the demonstrators, who smeared the campaign leader with eggs and paint and drove the party out of F\u00e6lledparken. In 1986, LO launched a poster competition for the best May Day poster. 600 entries were received. The winning poster was a number one framed in red on a yellow background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day – a day of celebration and struggle towards the year 2000<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The centenary of May Day was celebrated in 1990 in sunshine and spring colors. The joint union organizer, together with the social democratic movement, had made great efforts to mark the anniversary. Among other things, a number of artists produced 10 large artworks during the event. This resulted in record participation in F\u00e6lledparken and across the country – even though the former professional May Day organizer, the Danish Communist Party, had disbanded. However, the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 did not mean that the slogans and speeches for socialism fell away. 1. may Day as a festive holiday and day of struggle was here to stay after it turned 100 years old, just as the contradictions in the labor movement and in society lived on. May 1st in 1992 and 1993 were both marked by the votes on the EU and the Union. Although there were many ‘yes’ voters at the May Day events, they seemed to outnumber the ‘no’ voters. LO’s president and the newly elected party chairman, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, had a hard time getting through the howls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1993, LO-Stork\u00f8benhavn was the organizer of May Day in Copenhagen, a task that the organization took on in the future. “No rhymes with May” was written on a number of banners. The rejection of the Mastricht Treaty on June 2, 1992 was to be put to the test once again in a referendum on May 18. This time with four reservations negotiated in the so-called National Compromise. Social Democrat Birte Weiss and SF’s Holger K. Nielsen were met with eggs and tomatoes – the latter because SF recommended voting yes.
The confrontations in 1992 and 1993 caused more and more participants to seek shelter in the many tents that organizations and associations offered members and sympathizers. In the opinion of many, this gave more space for tomato-throwers in front of the stands, but the problems solved themselves. May 1, 1995 was a gigantic celebration of solidarity with the striking Ribus drivers. In Esbjerg, the May Day demonstration was extra large and in Copenhagen, the sunny May Day became a fundraising party for the Ribus drivers. In 1998, May Day also had a strong trade union element. The entire trade union movement was in a major conflict and the fight for more free time was paramount. The union mobilization meant that several newspapers reminded people that May Day was a popular celebration – but the class struggle had not yet been called off. Although the conflict was the dominant theme, there was also a vote on the Amsterdam Treaty on May 18. However, there was none of the unrest of the past. The 100,000 participants enjoyed the sun and summer despite the conflict. May 1, 1999 was not lacking a theme either. The disagreement over NATO’s bombing in Kosova characterized the May Day meetings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. may Day – a status<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of May Day, LO and the chairman of the Social Democratic Party wrote: “May Day is a manifestation where we strengthen each other and where we show the world that we want solidarity. The weakest must not be left behind, the strongest must not only think of themselves. Who else but the labor movement has that starting point? – No one”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Literature about May Day:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Arbejdernes 1. maj : the labor movement’s international demonstration day in text and images 1890-1990. By S\u00f8ren Federspiel and others. Arbejderbev\u00e6gelsens Bibliotek og Arkiv, 1990. 249 p.
1. may 1890 : a documentary. By Flemming Hemmersam and Morten Thing. Center for Worker Culture Studies : Society for Research in the History of the Labor Movement, 1990. 288 p. (SFAH skriftserie ; 22)<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n\r\n

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By Henning Grelle The decision to make May 1st International Workers’ Day was made in Paris in the summer of 1889. The year 1889 was the centenary of the great French Revolution. It was celebrated by holding two workers’ congresses. The Danish labor movement had representatives at both congresses. One congress, the Marxist Congress, had…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":43467,"parent":41413,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-kildepakke.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-43454","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n1. corn history 1889-1999 - Arbejdermuseet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/arbejdermuseet.dk\/en\/library-archive\/1-may-the-battle-for-time\/1-corn-history-1889-1999\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1. corn history 1889-1999 - Arbejdermuseet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Henning Grelle The decision to make May 1st International Workers’ Day was made in Paris in the summer of 1889. 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